This blog explores the seven additional pramāṇas beyond the three primary ones (pratyakṣa, anumāna, and śabda): Ārṣa, Upamāna, Arthāpatti, Anupalabdhi, Sambhava, Aitihya, and Ceṣṭā. It discusses their definitions, applications, and how they relate to the supreme authority of śabda-pramāṇa.
Śabda, or verbal testimony, is regarded as the most authoritative means of valid knowledge in Indian philosophy. This blog explores its definition, significance, types, and the unique status of the Vedas as apauruṣeya (not of human origin), especially in Vedānta and other classical schools.
Anumāna, or inference, is one of the key means of valid knowledge in Indian philosophy. This blog explores its definition, classifications, process, and limitations according to classical schools like Nyāya.